The Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norwegian: Svalbard globale frøhvelv) is a secure backup facility for the world's crop diversity on the Norwegian island of Spitsbergen in the remote Arctic Svalbard archipelago. The Seed Vault provides long-term storage of duplicates of seeds conserved in genebanks around the world. This provides security of the world’s food supply against the loss of seeds in genebanks due to mismanagement, accident, equipment failures, funding cuts, and natural disasters. The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian Government, the Crop Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen).
The Norwegian government entirely funded the Seed Vault's approximately 45 million kr (US$8.8 million in 2008) construction cost. Norway and the Crop Trust pay for operational costs. Storing seeds in the vault is free to depositors.
In 1984, the Nordic Gene Bank (now NordGen) began storing backup Nordic plant germplasm via frozen seeds in an abandoned coal mine at outside of Longyearbyen. In 2001, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) was adopted and national governments began to ratify the Treaty soon after. The Treaty establishes a multilateral system for plant genetic resources that includes providing access to the materials and providing mechanisms so that those who use the resources can share any derived benefits.
A
team led by conservationist Cary Fowler, in association with
CGIAR,actively campaigned for the development of the Seed Vault and
approached the Norwegian Government. They conducted a feasibility study
in 2004 and concurred that Svalbard was an appropriate location for
long-term storage.
Also in 2004, the ITPGRFA entered into force
and created the legal framework for having one international security
facility. The FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and
Agriculture endorsed the initiative and in October 2004 the Norwegian
Government committed to fund the Seed Vault and begin the construction.
The Seed Vault officially opened on 26 February 2008, although the first
seeds arrived in January 2008.
As part of the Seed Vault's first
anniversary, more than 90,000 food crop seed samples were placed into
storage, bringing the total number of seed samples to 400,000.Among the
new seeds included were 32 varieties of potatoes from Ireland's national
genebanks and 20,000 new samples from the U.S. Agricultural Research
Service. Other seed samples came from genebanks in Canada and
Switzerland as well as international genebanks in Colombia, Mexico and
Syria. This 4 t (3.9-long-ton; 4.4-short-ton) shipment brought the total
number of seeds stored in the Seed Vault to over 20 million. As of this
anniversary, the Seed Vault contained samples from approximately
one-third of the world's most important food crop varieties. Also as
part of the anniversary, experts on food production and climate change
met for a three-day conference in Longyearbyen.
Japanese sculptor Mitsuaki Tanabe [ja] presented a work to the Seed Vault named "The Seed 2009 / Momi In-Situ Conservation".
By 2013, approximately one-third of the genera diversity stored in genebanks globally was represented at the Seed Vault.
For the Seed Vault's 10th anniversary on 26 February 2018, a shipment of 70,000 samples was delivered to the facility, bringing the number of samples received to more than one million (not counting withdrawals).
As of June 2021, the Seed Vault conserves 1,081,026 distinct crop samples, representing over 13,000 years of agricultural history.
Spitsbergen was considered ideal because it lacked tectonic activity and had permafrost, which aids preservation. It being 130 m (430 ft) above sea level will keep the site dry even if the ice caps melt. Locally mined coal provides power for refrigeration units that further cool the seeds to the internationally recommended standard of −18 °C (−0.4 °F). If the equipment fails, at least several weeks will elapse before the facility rises to the surrounding sandstone bedrock's temperature of −3 °C (27 °F), and is estimated to take two centuries to warm to 0 °C (32 °F).
A feasibility study prior to construction determined that the Seed Vault could preserve most major food crops' seeds for hundreds of years. Some, including those of important grains, could potentially remain viable for thousands of years.
Running the length of the facility's roof and down the front face to the entryway is an illuminated artwork named Perpetual Repercussion by Norwegian artist Dyveke Sanne that marks the location of the vault from a distance. In Norway, government-funded construction projects exceeding a certain cost must include artwork. KORO, the Norwegian State agency overseeing art in public spaces, engaged the artist to propose an artwork for the Seed Vault. The roof and vault entrance are filled with highly reflective stainless steel, mirrors, and prisms. The installation reflects polar light in the summer months, while in the winter, a network of 200 fibre-optic cables gives the piece a muted greenish-turquoise and white light.
The adjacent Arctic World Archive provides a similar service for data, which is etched as code into reels of film. Project lead Piql of Norway states that the film, when properly preserved, should last for 1,000 years.
The Seed Vault is managed under terms spelled out in a tripartite agreement among the Norwegian Government, the Crop Trust, and the Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen).The Kingdom of Norway owns the Seed Vault. The Crop Trust provides funding for ongoing operations and provides financial assistance to depositors in their preparation of shipments. NordGen operates the Seed Vault and maintains the public database of the deposits.
The Seed Vault functions like a safe deposit box in a bank. The bank owns the building and the depositor owns the contents of his or her box. The Government of Norway owns the facility and the depositing genebanks own the seeds they send. The deposit of samples in Svalbard does not constitute a legal transfer of genetic resources. In genebank terminology this is called a "black box" arrangement. Each depositor signs a Deposit Agreement with NordGen, acting on behalf of Norway. The Agreement makes clear that Norway does not claim ownership over the deposited samples and that ownership remains with the depositor, who has the sole right of access to those materials in the seed vault. No one has access to anyone else's seeds from the seed vault. The database of samples and depositors is maintained by NordGen.
The Syrian civil war created a situation where the black box arrangement was demonstrated. As a result of the conflict, the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) was unable to maintain its genebank located at Tel Hadya, Syria and therefore unable to distribute samples. In 2015, ICARDA withdrew some of the backup samples it had stored at the Seed Vault so that it could regenerate those seeds. ICARDA made a second and larger withdrawal in 2017.These seeds were planted in fields in Lebanon and Morocco and multiplied. Some were then returned to the Seed Vault while others were added to ICARDA's genebanks in Lebanon and Morocco so they could be conserved and distributed. As of June 2021 these are the only withdrawals from the Seed Vault so far.
Initially the Seed Vault would have some minor water intrusion at its entrance during the annual spring permafrost thawing. Warmer temperatures and heavy rainfall in October 2016 caused significantly greater amounts of water to seep into the entrance, but the facility's design ensured that the water froze after several meters and the seeds were not endangered. Work completed in 2019 eliminated this water seepage.
The Crop Trust, officially known as the Global Crop Diversity Trust, plays a key role in the planning of the Seed Vault and coordinating shipments of seed samples to the Seed Vault in conjunction with the Nordic Genetic Resource Center. The Crop Trust provides most of the annual operating costs for the facility and has set aside an endowment fund to do so, while the Norwegian government finances upkeep of the structure itself. With support of its donors, the Crop Trust assists selected genebanks in developing countries as well as the international agricultural research centres in packaging and shipping seeds to the Seed Vault.
Seeds are stored in airtight aluminium bags. The
number of seeds in each bag will vary depending on the size of the seed
but on average each bag will contain approximately 500 seeds. The
facility has a storage capacity of 4.5 million seed samples.
Depositors
to the Seed Vault are not limited to international, regional and
national genebanks. Some indigenous communities have deposited seeds for
safety duplication in the Seed Vault. In 2015, representatives of the
Parque de la Papa in Peru deposited 750 samples of potatoes. In 2020,
the Cherokee Nation became the first US tribe to deposit when it
safeguarded nine samples of heirloom food crops which predate European
colonization.
The Seed Vault was the inspiration for Ibsen
International's art project "The Seed", supported by the Norwegian
government. As part of that project it was the inspiration for the
children's opera Children of Ginko (Norwegian: Frøbarna) by Marcus Paus,
that aims to raise ecological awareness and "reveal the power of nature
and celebrate children's courage in growing up."
The Seed Vault was featured in "The Futurama Holiday Spectacular" which aired on 21 November 2011.
for more information - Official Website
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